In The Case Of Tobacco, Manning Estimates The Gross Cost Of Medical Ca

In the case of tobacco, Manning estimates the gross cost of medical care for smoking-related diseases at $.26 a pack, or just over one penny per cigarette. This turns out to be largely compensated by savings in retirement pensions and nursing home care for smokers. The final balance is highly sensitive to technical assumptions about the economic discount rate, and can even be made to show net external benefits at interest rates under 3%. Manning's final net estimate of $.15 per pack assumes a 5% interest rate. By estimating the equivalency between joints and cigarettes, one can translate these costs to marijuana. On a weight-for-weight basis, pot smokers inhale about four times as much noxious tars as cigarette smokers;14 as we have seen, however, the average joint weighs about half as much as a cigarette. Also, cannabis lacks nicotine, a leading factor in tobacco-related heart disease. It seems reasonable on this basis to suppose that a joint is equal to less than two cigarettes, putting the net external cost of marijuana smoking at under 1.5 cents per joint. One fault in Manning's accounting of external costs is that it excludes the costs of second-hand smoking, which he estimates at $.23 per pack, on the questionable grounds that these costs are mainly internal to the users' families. We treat them here as external costs instead. There are grounds to think that passive smoking is of much less concern with cannabis since pot smokers emit less smoke than cigarette smokers. It therefore seems reasonable to conclude that the total smoking-related costs of active and passive pot smoking are unlikely to exceed two cents per joint. Turning to alcohol, Manning concludes that the net medical-less- pension costs of alcoholism-related disease are $.26 for every "excess ounce" of alcohol, which is defined to mean an ounce in excess of one per day (Manning does not try to account for the possibility that moderate consumption may actually extend life). These costs turn out to be greatly outweighed by the cost of alcohol-related accidents, which he estimates at $.93 per excess ounce. This figure includes traffic accidents to third parties caused by drunken drivers, but does not appear to include other alcohol-related accidents. Also missing from Manning's account are the external costs of alcohol-related violence. Altogether, Manning concludes that the total cost of alcohol is $1.19 per excess ounce, or $.48 per ounce when averaged over all alcohol drunk. While the cost of alcohol seems clearly dominated by accidents, it is unclear how to relate these to marijuana. The burden of expert opinion appears to be that marijuana is less of an accident risk than alcohol, though this is disputed.15 Studies of fatal car accidents indicate that, at least on the road, marijuana tends to be a secondary risk factor compared to alcohol.16 On the other hand, one survey of trauma patients found that with respect to all accidental injuries, cannabis may be every bit as much a risk factor as alcohol.17 In terms of intoxicating potential, one joint probably lies between one ounce and one excess ounce of alcohol. At the high end, if one equates a joint with one excess ounce, the accident costs of pot would be $.93 per joint. More reasonably, one could equate a joint with an "average" ounce of alcohol, the accident costs of which work out to $.38. There are reasons to favor a lower external cost on marijuana relative to alcohol, notably the fact that marij uana tends to suppress violence, whereas alcohol tends to aggravate it. From this perspective alone, an overall shift from alcohol to marijuana may be desirable.

Comparison of Telephone with World Wide Web

Comparison of Telephone with World Wide Web The study under analysis called Comparison of Telephone with World Wide Web-Based Responses by Parents and Teens to a Follow-Up Survey after Injury explores sociodemographic factors concerning completion of a follow-up survey through online communications and by telephone to define health status and health quality (Rivara et al., 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison of Telephone with World Wide Web-Based Responses by Parents and Teens to a Follow-Up Survey after Injury specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to the results, information received solely from the World Wide Web provides biases and ambiguities, which means that data should be collected by various means to increase its reliability and validity. It is important for a research to be ethically approved which means that all researchers should have the permission for conducting different observations and surveys (Purdue Online Writing Lab, 2011 ). Most importantly, the participants should also be informed whether the interview responses will be anonymous or not. In the given study, the researchers have mentioned that all the procedures were controlled by the human subject committees. Hence, parents and children were contacted by a telephone call to inform about their admittance to a survey. However, one point of the research seems to be ethically wrong because parents and children were given monetary rewards for taking part into a survey, which means that researcher intended to get an easy access to results. However, the survey results have turned out to be objective. Overall, the course of research has been presented in a consistent way. The scholars have successfully presented all the procedures and results. Their findings are based on objective data received from the identified sources. The statistical data has also been processed accordingly. The initial information and justification of the research has also been suffi ciently presented. Overall, the hypothesis and accompanied evidence relate to the discussed topic. The research conforms to the highest ethical and academic standards. 1st Interactive Response Conny, your article analysis is quite exhaustive. You have successfully managed to define the basic hypothesis, as well as the one that has been rejected. The main idea of the article has also been defined. Further, ethical considerations are sufficiently exposed and many references have been made to valid resources to support your analysis. However, excess of direct quotes does not provide an impression of understanding the actual topic of the article. Next time, be more analytical and render the ideas in your own word to make sure that you are aware of the importance of the article. 2nd Interactive Response Cherry, the chosen article provides an insight into important cultural and economic aspects. You have managed to provide an in-depth analysis of presented issues. The displayed results re vealed a number of pitfalls concerning the quality of the conducted interviews. Specifically, understanding employed environment as well as employees’ needs, is essential for strengthening a favorable retention policy within an organization.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Due to the study of many dimensions of the workplace, it is possible to track the areas that need improvement and the ones that can be enhanced to increase productivity levels and employee’s performance. Finally, the results have provided a fresh insight into the importance of presenting statistical data for making decisions. References Purdue Online Writing Lab (2011) Ethical Considerations in Primary Research. Purdue. Retrieved from https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/purdue_owl.html Rivara, F. P., Koepsell, T. D., Wang, J., et al. (2011, June) Comparison of Telephone with World Wide Web -Based Responses by Parents and Teens to a Follow-Up Survey after Injury. Health Services Research. 46(3), 964-981.

Art Reading Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Art Reading Summary - Essay Example Albers portrays that color perception varies according to its quality and colors around it. Thus making the color the relative medium in art and argues that, the painters post renaissance ought not to be occupied by colors physical fact but its optical instability (Kim). By representing the effects of change in color of light, it actually shifts the focus of representation from the reality of things presented. Due to the isolation and continuous fragmentation in search of truth in color leads to the loss of ability to represent the totality of the objects. Even though, Kim gives us facts about colors by virtue of their completeness, we find that these facts are indeed not right. Therefore, there are different factual approach to colors and its essence but trying to localize them is impossible (Kim). White is the first simple of all colors, but the philosophers will not accept either white or black to be colors. Painters provided explanation for why they have difficulties in accepting white as one of the colors among the many colors. Others argued that white is the color because it has similar color of the light, and them do see the light all the time and do not see its colors. White can be under the category of color skin or any other hue (Dyer). Whiteness already suggests its importance by designating social group to be for the human ordinary. It is not frequently included in paint color charts instead it is often treated to be added to another hue to make it paler. The color white is not only visible physical characteristics in other people, but it is also used to identify white people as white. It does not mean that color is the genesis of racism and racial distinction other than the way ethnic identity is thought and felt (Dyer). Other things might select other people as white yet literally they are not primarily white they are identified by the color white. Distinctions of color among the whites have been

SOCIALIZATION ASSIGNMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SOCIALIZATION ASSIGNMENT - Essay Example Recent political upheavals have proved this point. Dictatorship has eventually failed – be it Germany or Libya, people rebelled against such oppression and domination and finally the new government form is a democracy. Freedom of the common man is of extreme importance. This is because society is governed by the culture, values, beliefs and traditions which are followed by persons residing in a particular area or region. Many art and art forms, religions, constitutional and civil rights and laws followed in a particular country are based depending on the culture and norms akin to a particular society. However, modernization in the twentieth century is widely regarded as a westernized system which has increasingly impacted the non – western society. The third world countries have started going for what the people regard as ethically better culture followed by the westerners. Take the case of English. The popularity of this language has spread so much that it is now among one of the official languages in most nations. To conclude, economic changes have spurred a change in the values, beliefs, traditions and rituals that people followed. There is a direct connection between economic development and systematic changes. People hailing from an economically advanced nation are more flexible to changes and their values reflect a change. These people are more tolerant, rational, participatory and trustworthy (Inglehart & Baker 19 –

Course Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Course Project - Assignment Example es shown in the chapter provided are depression, anxiety scores, psychological functioning, cancer screening, computer- based nursing intervention, and sensitivity for breast cervical. Among the above stated variables, computer based nursing intervention is the independent variable. Cancer screening, psychological functioning, anxiety scores, depression are the dependant variables. Everyone is allowed to participate in the cancer screening, but has to have attained the minimum age, which is eighteen years. In most cases, extraneous variables exist in all studies and affect the measurement of the other variables. They are mostly of great importance in the quantitative studying because they reflect on one’s understanding. In the provided data, the lock of the infant can be identified as an extraneous variable. This variable can be viewed as a limitation since it provides a weakness in the areas of study. Despite having random and non- random variables, it still has effects on the results. According to this research and the methods used to acquire the information, there are a number of demographic variables. Demographic variables are attributes of the subjects that are calculated during the learning and used to depict the illustration. It is important to understand the ideal demographic variables in a research program because most of them are similar (Long, 2004). They may range from age, gender, ethnicity, educational level, income, job-classification, length of a person’s stay in the hospital to medical diagnosis. It sometimes proves difficult to identify them from the many types of variables because they are rated as secondary variables. In the study provided; gender, weight, gestation period, and chronological age can be described as demographic variables. From the common variables stated above, it is clear that some are depicted in this research. Different groups were used compared to these demographic variables to ensure that there were similar before

Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics: Coffee Filter Machine

Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics: Coffee Filter Machine Background/IntroductionIn this assignment they are tasked to explain how an electric coffee filter machine works and its scientific process. they are also tasked to calculate the amount of power it uses and energy it needs to keep that coffee warm and its efficiency when its keeping it warm, which is important because if the coffee isnt very efficient and uses a lot of energy or a lot of heat can escape then it could lead to high energy prices just to keep coffee warm. Once the efficiency has been calculated they also need to find out how it can be improved further, they are required to at least focus on one element to improve its efficiency. This coffee machine works by holding the water you put in it in a reservoir, that water then goes down a hole in the reservoir and into an orange tube. This tube is used to carry the cold/room temperature water to the aluminium tubing which conducts the heat from the heating element through the warming plate which consists of a heat conductive grease that helps heat the water up. The heating element does this when its coiled wire heats up as electricity runs through it. This heating element has two purposes, one of which is initially heating the water up and its second purpose comes in a later process. The aluminium tube is connected to the white tube which carries that hot water up to the shower head. This white tube doesnt consist of a pump to carry the water up, instead the bubbles from the boiling water rise in the tube and carry the water up to the shower head and the machines one way valve allows the water to go up the tube without coming back down and into the reservoir. Once the hot water reaches the shower head, it gets evenly sprayed on to the coffee grounds, picks up the caffeol and gets poured into the coffee pot. Once the coffee has been brewed the second purpose of the heating element is keeping the coffee warm which has many advantages one of which is to keep it warm for other people in the house after you brewed your own.   [1] These coffee machines are very reliable but there is always a possibility of failure, although a few have easy fixes. One way the coffee machine can fail is when the switch or even its power cord stop working which can be repaired by a professional although can sometimes be expensive so it would be more cost effective to buy a new machine. Another way is that the one-way valve can get clogged up letting the water back down the tube or simply not letting the water through at all. An easy fix for this is by simply scooping out any debris with a small object such as a toothpick. The tubes can also get clogged up. A way to fix this would be by running a cycle with vinegar and then running 2 cycles of clean water to rid of any vinegar left in the machine. Fig 1. [2] Experiment AnalysisTo collect their results, they had to weigh a few things. They weighed the jug when it was empty, the jug when it was full and calculated how much the water weighed. They did their experiment by letting the coffee machine heat the water up until its finished, they then took the jug filled with hot water and measured the temperature change every 2 minutes. Here are their results for 12 cups: They decided to take the jug out of the coffee machine when measuring their results because then when they are to calculate the energy needed to keep the coffee warm, they minimise the chances of under calculating as the coffee machine only partially covers the jug so not as much heat would escape, taking the jug out allows us to check the maximum amount of heat that can escape over certain intervals. They see that the water started off at 83 degrees Celsius and went down to 66.8 degrees Celsius with the temperature changing roughly between 1-1.4 degrees Celsius every 2 minutes. For the experiment they used a scale for weighing the empty jug and the jug when it was filled with water. They also used an electronic thermometer to accurately measure water temperatures. A coffee machine was also used as the experiment couldnt be done without it to heat the water up. For 10, 8, 6 and 4 cups the method the exact same although less water was used, here are the results: 10 Cups Results: As you can see in the 10 cps results, there is a dramatic change in temperature in the first 2 minutes in comparison to the 12 cups results. 8 Cups Results: 6 Cups Results: 4 Cups Results: They can use the results from this experiment to calculate heat loss and the rate of heat loss. To calculate the heat loss (Q Units: -Joules) they take the mass of the water and multiply it by the specific heat capacity and then multiply it by the change in temperature (Q= m*Cp*ˆâ€  T). Then they did the rate of the heat loss ( units: ) which is mass of the water multiplied by the specific and then multiply it by the change of temperature and then divide it by the change of time ( = m*Cp*) Below are the calculations for each of the experiments: Amount of Water Heat Loss (Q) Rate of Heat Loss () 12 Cups 124563.25 J 69.20 10 Cups 136682.90 J 63.38 8 Cups 89264.75 J 49.59 6 Cups 89145.42 J 49.53 4 Cups 71119.88 J 39.51 Amount of Water Mass of Water 12 Cups 1.75 kg 10 Cups 1.46 kg 8 Cups 1.17 kg 6 Cups 0.91 kg 4 Cups 0.65 kg Costs: In the UK it currently costs 0.01174 pence per Watt per hour. To find how much it costs per second they have to divide that number by 3600. 0.01174/3600 = 3.261111111 x Js-1 To calculate how much it costs to keep the coffee hot they use their new cost per Watt per second and multiply it by the rate of heat loss () and then multiply it by 3600 to get the cost per hour to keep the coffee hot. Amount of Water Cost (Pence per Wh) 12 Cups 69.20 0.8124048 10 Cups 63.38 0.7440812 8 Cups 49.59 0.5821866 6 Cups 49.53 0.5814822 4 Cups 39.51 0.4638474 DiscussionBecause the coffee machine is an open and transient system, the coffee jug and reservoir is constantly losing heat the coffee machine needs to have good thermal insulation to prevent heat from escaping. One improvement that couldve been made to the results is use the equation for thermal resistance to calculate the rate of heat loss. By calculating the thermal resistance of the glass jug we can calculate how much heat escapes from it more accurately. The thermodynamics heat processes are conduction, convection and radiation. Mentioned in the background is how the heating element heats up the water through the warming plate, this happens by the process of conduction which is moving heat from a warm location to a cold location, the heat plate and from the heat plate to the aluminium tubing which heats the water up. In the analysis results, specifically for the 10 Cups, there was an anomaly in the first bit of data, the difference in temperature was very high in comparison to the others and this was due to human error. In the first 2 minutes the stopwatch mightve not been started at the correct time or there mightve been a problem when the temperature was being measured. One improvement that couldve been made to the coffee machine to increase its efficiency could be to redesign the coffee jug and manufacture it out of insulated metal to decrease heat loss but with a piece of glass down the middle of it so that you can still see how much coffee is left in the jug, doing this will ensure that less heat escapes the coffee jug, having a big impact on the cost to keep the coffee warm. References: [1]   Brain, M., Toothman, J. (2006, November 29). How coffee makers work. Retrieved February 2, 2017, from http://home.howstuffworks.com/coffee-maker.html [2]   Retrieved February 2, 2017, from http://s.hswstatic.com/gif/coffee-maker-17.jpg https://www.ukpower.co.uk/home_energy/tariffs-per-unit-kwh An early cam was built into Hellenistic water-driven automata from the 3rd century BC.[2] The camshaft was later described in Turkey (DiyarbakÄ ±r) by Al-Jazari in 1206. He employed it as part of his automata, water-raising machines, and water clocks such as the castle clock.[3] The cam and camshaft later appeared in European mechanism

Berlin Wall Piece :: Sam Shepard

A Piece of History A seventh grader asks his dad about the eighties. Unfortunately his dad can't remember anything about the eighties;and the older sister helps him remember the past. â€Å"Berlin Wall Piece,† by Sam Shepard is a story where a small piece of concrete helps a crazy father remember his modern history. A theme for the story would be: how a small piece of history can bring back so many old memories and controversies. When the story first opens up, a seventh grader is interviewing his father for his social studies class. The father is being questioned by his own son or daughter. The story does not reveal the sex of the youngest child. The father is unaware of the past; he can't remember absolutely nothing. The youngest child is confused, and cannot understand why his father can't help him. The father explains to the child that there was nothing important going in the eighties. The most important and significant thing for his father was the birth of his two children and his wife. The rest of it was lies, trash, and insignificant things the world had offered him. The truth was that nothing more matter to him than his children and wife. He had everything in the world he could ever wish for. The young child could not understand his fathers intentions to his answers. It was all a big mystery. During the story his father tries to remember the moments he lived in the eighties; but nothing came to mind. It was like if he was never born. He knew nothing, everything was erased from his mind. Thankfully the oldest child knew much more than the father did. She could remember everything, she had an incredible memory. She helped out her younger sibling by telling her stories of the eighties. She knew a lot. She was a very smart girl who was just a year or so older than the younger child. She also knew political stuff that happened during the eighties. Like when she got a piece of the Berlin Wall that was destroyed back in the eighties. The younger child did not believe this was true. On the other hand the father was unaware of this. He was confused, he couldn't remember when his own child had visited the Berlin Wall. The older sister was amazed by his father's poor memory. She brought down a piece of the Berlin Wall from her bedroom.